The primary source of revenue for water and sewer systems is usage fees. Since utility bills are derived from meter readings, it is essential that meters are read accurately and properly maintained. Any discrepancies or unusual readings should be investigated and resolved before bills are issued. In cases where a meter cannot be accessed, the reading may be estimated, but the account should be flagged as “estimated” and an actual reading obtained during the next billing cycle whenever possible.

Automated Meter Reading (AMR)

Automated meter reading has greatly improved efficiency in recent years. Several technologies are available:

• Touch-read devices allow staff to collect readings by touching a wand to the meter.
• Networked systems enable one device to record data from multiple meters (e.g., in apartment or condominium complexes).
• Drive-by radio-read devices transmit data to a receiver in a passing vehicle.
• Fixed network systems transmit readings via radio or cellular signals to a central location, allowing for near real-time collection.

Advanced Metering Infrastructure

AMI is a fully integrated system of meters, communications, and data management. It provides utilities with real-time or near real-time data, enabling more effective system monitoring, faster leak detection, and improved customer service.

Meter Maintenance

Accurate meters are vital since meter readings directly determine both water and sewer revenues. Over time, meters tend to under-register consumption, reducing revenues. A regular replacement program helps prevent revenue loss. Industry recommendations typically include:

• Replacing small meters every 8 to 12 years or after they have measured about 1 million gallons.
• Following manufacturer guidance on meter lifespan and accuracy.
• Testing large commercial and industrial meters regularly under actual operating conditions, since these accounts often represent a significant share of system revenue.

Because sewer charges are based on water usage, inaccurate water meters also affect sewer revenues.

Other Metering Concerns

Each service connection should ideally have its own water and sewer meter. However, in some multi-family or commercial settings, a single “master meter” serves multiple customers. While this can reduce metering and maintenance costs, it may also lower revenues compared to individual metering.

To manage these situations fairly and consistently, utilities should:

• Establish clear policies for minimum billing and rate structures in master-metered accounts.
• Apply uniform standards across all customer classes (residential, multi-family, commercial, and industrial).
• Train staff so they can answer customer questions consistently and explain the city’s policies.

This approach ensures equitable treatment of customers while protecting system revenues.